first pass on terminology

[=JeffH <Jeff.Hodges@neustar.biz>]

Given a modest lit search, it's apparent that..

1. there's some incoherence at the (high) abstract level with respect to (wrt) 
concepts such as "trust", "reputation", etc.

2. besides determining working definitions for said high-level abstract 
terms/concepts, the lower-level terms and their definitions will depend on 
whatever ontology and taxonomy(ies) that we leverage and/or develop.

So below's just a starter list of terms culled from three sources for 
comparitive purposes. To a fair degree, I think we need to decide what papers 
or other sources we're going to leverage, and then derive and settle on 
terminology largely from those sources, and adding/embellishing only when 
necessary.

That said, here's some terms gleaned from some papers and the present 
terminology wiki page, which is based on Daniela's input preso.

=JeffH


-------------------------------------------
http://wiki.oasis-open.org/orms/Terminology
-------------------------------------------

Online reputation mechanisms

     Online reputation mechanisms, also known as reputation systems (Resnick et 
al., 2000; Dellarocas, 2003a), are using the Internet’s bi-directional 
communication capabilities in order to artificially engineer large-scale 
word-of-mouth networks where individuals share opinions and experiences on a 
wide range of topics, including companies, products, services, and even world 
events. (Dellarocas (2005) )
Reputation Systems
     See Online reputation mechanisms.
Reputation
     Reputation is a concept that arises in repeated game settings when there 
is uncertainty about some property (the “type”) of one or more players in the 
mind of other players. (Wilson (1985))
Reputation Score
     A Reputation Score of a Player (Reputee) on the Type (Criteria) by other 
players (Reputor) is the subjective probability assigned by the Reputor that 
the Reputee fulfils the Criteria. (Sakimura (2008))

The following definitions were discussed at the kick-off F2F and are 
(partially) contained in the input document (Bourges Waldegg (2008))

Reputation
     reputation is a collective evaluation of an entity based on factual and/or 
subjective data about it, and is used as one of the factors for establishing 
trust on that entity for a specific purpose. A reputation is a metric (a score, 
a rank, a state, a multi-dimensional profile, ...) associated to an entity (a 
person, a business, a digital identity, a website, a system, a device, a 
category of devices, a computing resource, ...) or to a tuple [entity, 
attribute(s)] (e.g. [person,skill]) in a particular domain and at a particular 
moment in time.
Reputation domain (or reputation defining space)

     the encompassing domain where a reputation is defined (to be refined)
Reputation calculator (or reputation engine?)
     A reputation for an entity is computed using a reputation calculator, 
based on different types of input data about the entity (available within the 
domain or imported into the domain). The reputation calculator combines and 
weights one or more input data about the entity, according to a reputation 
algorithm and contextual information available at the time of computation.
Contextual information

     (to be defined)
Reputation algorithm
     a domain-specific algorithm for computing reputations. A reputation 
algorithm is designed taking into account the characteristics of the 
encompassing domain: topology (centralized or distributed reputation 
computation), entities to which the reputation is associated, entities that 
produce input data, entities that consume reputations, available types of input 
data, type of contextual information available, desired properties of the 
computed reputation (robustness, fairness, etc.), ...
Reputation (input) data
     the data upon which the reputation is computed. Input data can be of 
different types, for example:
     Subjective data about the entity: e.g. ratings and feedback from peers, 
claims and endorsements
     Static and dynamic characteristics of the entity: e.g. demographics, 
preferences
     Behavior data, stemming from measurements and observations within a 
system: e.g. logs of entity’s past actions, history of interactions, parametric 
data
     “Real world” data about the entity: e.g. background checks, credit history
     Inferred data about an entity: e.g. text analytics
Reputation Management System

     (to be refined) A reputation management system may include mechanisms for: 
collecting data about entities (generating data inputs or integrating external 
data); computing reputations; making sure the system is fair (e.g. provide 
bootstrapping mechanisms for new entities); performing actions based on 
reputations (e.g. trust computations, automatic decisions); revoking 
reputations, allowing entities legitimate control over their reputation and 
allowing entities to challenge their reputations (governance); making sure the 
system is not abused (security), making sure privacy of entities is respected 
(i.e. that the association entity - reputation is only disclosed to authorized 
parties)


------------------------------
"How to talk about reputation using a common ontology: from definition to 
implementation", Isaac Pinyol, Jordi Sabater-Mir, Guifré Cuní; Artificial 
Intelligence Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; 2007
http://www.iiia.csic.es/~jsabater/Publications/2007-TrustWS.pdf
------------------------------


image - refers to evaluations that agents take as certainty,

reputation - refers to other's evaluations and therefore is considered a 
meta-belief, that is, a belief about other's belief. This brings us some 
important consequences, since accepting a meta-belief does not imply to
accept the nested belief. Assuming that target agent A has some given 
reputation means that it is reputed with more or less goodness, and that such 
evaluation circulates on the society, but not necessary implies to share the 
evaluation itself. So, reputation refers to what is said, not what is true.
                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

social evaluation and voice
   entity

   focus

   Value

   Strength

   Evaluation

   Voice

   Target

   Gossiper

   Recipient


Evaluative Belief

   image

   direct experience

   shared voice

   shared image

   reputation


------------------------------
A Survey of Trust and Reputation Systems for Online Service Provision
Audun Jøsang, Roslan Ismail, Colin Boyd
<http://www.oasis-open.org/apps/org/workgroup/orms/download.php/28303/JIB2007-DSS-A%20Survey%20of%20Trust%20and%20Reputation%20Systems%20for%20Online%20Service%20Provision.pdf>
------------------------------

(Reliability Trust) Trust is the subjective probability by which an individual,
A, expects that another individual, B, performs a given action on which
its welfare depends.

(Decision Trust) Trust is the extent to which one party is willing to
depend on something or somebody in a given situation with a feeling of relative
security, even though negative consequences are possible.

(Reputation) Reputation is what is generally said or believed about
a person’s or thing’s character or standing.

trust system

identity trust - describes the belief that an agent identity is as claimed.

trust provider

access trust - describes trust in principals for the purpose of accessing 
resources owned by or under the responsibility of the relying party.

Context trust - describes the extent to which the relying party believes that 
the necessary systems and institutions are in place in order to support the 
transaction and provide a safety net in case something should go wrong.

Delegation trust - describes trust in an agent (the delegate) that acts and 
makes decision on behalf of the relying party.

provision trust - describes the relying party's trust in a service or resource 
provider.

Trust purpose - an overarching concept that that can be used to express any 
operational instantiation of the trust classes mentioned above.

Collaborative filtering systems

neighbors

recommender systems.

collaborative sanctioning

Centralised Reputation Systems

Distributed Reputation Systems

Reputation Computation Engines

Belief Models

Flow Models


------------------------------
A Multi-Faceted Model of Trust that is Personalisable and Specialisable
Karl Quinn, PhD Thesis, University of Dublin, Trinity College, 2007
<http://www.karlquinn.com/PhD/publications/2007/A%20Multi-Faceted%20Model%20of%20Trust%20that%20is%20Personalisable%20and%20Specialisable.pdf>
------------------------------

Trust is a term that is described using many synonyms for trust, or "trust 
concepts."

In computer science the trust concepts used to describe trust include 
“reputation” [Golbeck & Hendler, 2004], “confidence” or “faith” [Shadbolt, 
2002], “credibility” or “reliability” [Golbeck et al, 2003], “competency” or 
“honesty” [Grandison & Sloman, 2000], and “belief” [McKnight & Chervany, 1996]. 
Such a diverse set of trust concepts, found across a single body of research, 
reflects the real world where a wide and varied range of individual 
subjectivity in what trust entails seems to exist across a large and broad 
population.



---
end