[XML] source example

[Tara Athan <taraathan@gmail.com>]

As was discussed earlier, the next step is to develop a real example 
from a natural language statement into to XML. This example should 
contain defeasible rules, but should not require representation of 
deontic or temporal aspects. I have some suggestions as to how this may 
be brought about.
1. the deontic and temporal aspects can be "hidden" (for now) in the 
names of relations and references to sources.

2. confine (for now) our examples to a single authority and timestamp, 
so that we do not yet tackle cross-references between multiple 
authorities or across time. The entire knowledgebase could be considered 
as a contextual statement: As of time YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss some agent of 
Authority A declares that ( ... ). At this stage we would not address 
the issue of how to merge knowledgebases from different authorities, or 
from the same authority but different timestamps.

Example: “Anyone who violates Art. 1 and Art. 5 and Art. 7 and Art. 15 
of the ACT 20 shall be punished following the Art. 23 in the Act 30”

can be expressed as

<Rulebase>
<legalruleml:metadata xsi:type="&legalruleml;rulebasemetadata">
<Data>
<legalruleml:authority legalruleml:mode="&legalruleml;inherit" 
iri="&authorities;A"/>
<legalruleml:timestamp 
legalruleml:mode="&legalruleml;inherit">2012-04-25T12:00:00-05:00</legalruleml:timestamp>
</Data>
</legalruleml:metadata>
<Implies material="no"
capability="&dfs;defeasible"
closure="universal">
<if>
<And>
<Atom>
<Rel iri="legalruleml;violates"/>
<Var>X</Var>
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art1">
</Atom>
<Atom>
<Rel iri="legalruleml;violates"/>
<Var>X</Var>
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art5">
</Atom>
<Atom>
<Rel iri="legalruleml;violates"/>
<Var>X</Var>
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art7">
</Atom>
<Atom>
<Rel iri="legalruleml;violates"/>
<Var>X</Var>
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art15">
</Atom>
</And>
</if>
</then>
<Atom>
<Rel iri="legalruleml;shall_be_punished_following"/>
<Var>X</Var>
<Ind iri="&ACT30;art23">
</Atom>
</then>
</Implies>
</Rulebase>

This could be compacted with a more specific relation

<Rulebase>
<legalruleml:metadata xsi:type="&legalruleml;rulebasemetadata">
<Data>
<legalruleml:authority legalruleml:mode="&legalruleml;inherit" 
iri="&authorities;A"/>
<legalruleml:timestamp 
legalruleml:mode="&legalruleml;inherit">2012-04-25T12:00:00-05:00</legalruleml:timestamp>
</Data>
</legalruleml:metadata>
<Implies material="no"
capability="&dfs;defeasible"
closure="universal">
<if>
<Atom>
<Rel iri="legalruleml;violates_all"/>
<Var>X</Var>
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art1">
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art5">
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art7">
<Ind iri="&ACT20;art15">
</Atom>
</if>
</then>
<Atom>
<Rel iri="legalruleml;shall_be_punished_following"/>
<Var>X</Var>
<Ind iri="&ACT30;art23">
</Atom>
</then>
</Implies>
</Rulebase>

The deontic aspects of the premises are hidden by the references to the 
articles, which will later be expanded as, perhaps, deontic modal 
operators applied to descriptions of the actions that are prohibited.

Temporal aspects of the conclusion are hidden in the relation ("shall 
be..."), to be expanded later as, perhaps, temporal modal operators 
applied to the conclusion.

More realistic examples are needed to flesh out this approach.