The CTI STIX and CybOX Standards are a language intended to enable all stakeholders to fully express all "Things" in the Cyber Domain, their Properties and Attributes, and their Relationships to other "Things, with both fixed and relative temporality.
The human analyst is indeed one of the participants in this CTI Ecosystem and needs these "Things" and their relations to other "things" described with as much precision and context as is practical. The construction, analysis, visualization, and operationalization of the Cyber Domain knowledge expressed in the CTI Language are implementation details of tools, middleware, etc. that are transformed into the context required for a "human" or "machine" consumer in a given set of use cases through abstraction layers. In other words the only "humans" who need to understand the low level details of "How" CTI is expressed are the developers who provide the Tooling, Middleware, and Abstraction Layers and the Operational Teams who deploy and manage the Infrastructure required to satisfy a given set of CTI Domain Use Cases.
The packaging and transportation of information expressed in the CTI Language are functions of the STIX Package and TAXII Transport. Here Serialization/Deserialization processing and channel efficiencies are all very important, but primarily to the underlying "Machines" and automated processes they provide. The Human Analyst/Operational Consumer will be aware of delays and any issues in the accuracy and _expression_ of CTI, but otherwise does not care if they are expressed in XML, JSON, JSON-LD, RDFS, etc. or encoded in Baudot, EBCDIC, ASCII, or Smoke-signals.
Date: Monday, November 30, 2015 at 9:47 AM
To: John Wunder <jwunder@mitre.org>
Cc: "cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org" <cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org>
Subject: Re: [cti-stix] STIX: Messaging Standard vs. Document Standard
"What about a new TTP for an existing threat actor? I would not want to have to do an RDF-based exchange to share that type of information (still holding out hope for a reasonable JSON-LD approach) but I’m also not sure we can build
messages to cover those use cases."
I believe you would indeed do a complex exchange for that. This is not a "messaging" use case, it is a "document share" use case. The difference in complexity between sharing TTP information to sighting information is similar to emailing a word document vs.
engaging in an IM session. It's not the same.
My point is that the huge amount of third party vendors who want to "speak STIX" to communicate and/or absorb indicators, observables, and sightings, are not interested in use cases like "TTP for an existing threat actor". They don't have that information,
and they can't act on that information. You aren't going to get TTP information out of an IPS, and you aren't going to send TTP information to an IDS or Firewall. But you will get Indicators and sightings from an IPS, and you will want to send observables
to an IDS or Firewall.
These are the two different use cases - one that lends itself to a semantic model, and one that lends itself to a compact and coherent messaging format.
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Jason Keirstead
Product Architect, Security Intelligence, IBM Security Systems
www.ibm.com/security | www.securityintelligence.com
Without data, all you are is just another person with an opinion - Unknown
"Wunder,
John A." ---11/30/2015 10:04:36 AM---So to be honest I’m not yet as convinced on this approach as all of you (sorry). I can definitely se
From: "Wunder, John A." <jwunder@mitre.org>
To: "cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org" <cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org>
Date: 11/30/2015 10:04 AM
Subject: Re: [cti-stix] STIX: Messaging Standard vs. Document Standard
Sent by: <cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org>
So to be honest I’m not yet as convinced on this approach as all of you (sorry). I can definitely see the value of messages at the level of sightings and indicators but it seems to me like there’s a giant middle ground of use cases where we don’t want to define tightly-scoped messages but the document-based approach would still be a burden. For these cases I was hoping the JSON serialization of the full model would be used.
For example, would we have a message to represent a new incident? What would the message semantics be? What about a new TTP for an existing threat actor? I would not want to have to do an RDF-based exchange to share that type of information (still holding out hope for a reasonable JSON-LD approach) but I’m also not sure we can build messages to cover those use cases.
Jason, Jon, Mark…what do you all think about that? Would we define messages for that? Would we have third-party messages (i.e. my app can define a non-standard CTI message based on the data model)? Would we just use RDF?
John
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On Nov 30, 2015, at 8:42 AM, Jason Keirstead <Jason.Keirstead@CA.IBM.COM> wrote:
+1 to all below recommendations... exactly my line of thinking.
It may or may not be more work to undertake these two parallel efforts - but I believe that it would allow both efforts to more forward in a faster and more coherent way than the current methodology.
-
Jason Keirstead
Product Architect, Security Intelligence, IBM Security Systems
www.ibm.com/security |
www.securityintelligence.com
Without data, all you are is just another person with an opinion - Unknown
<graycol.gif>"Baker, Jon" ---11/30/2015 09:36:44 AM---+1 Thanks for thinking through the underlying issues that might be making it so hard to achieve cons
From: "Baker, Jon" <bakerj@mitre.org>
To: Jason Keirstead/CanEast/IBM@IBMCA, "cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org" <cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org>
Date: 11/30/2015 09:36 AM
Subject: RE: [cti-stix] STIX: Messaging Standard vs. Document Standard
Sent by: <cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org>
+1
Thanks for thinking through the underlying issues that might be making it so hard to achieve consensus. I completely agree that by trying to develop a messaging standard and a document standard in one effort is a significant source of frustration for this group. This is how I have thought about this issue:
STIX has two primary use cases
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• UC1: Holistic cyber threat analysis
• UC2: Exchange cyber threat information
My basic recommendation would be as follows:
Differentiate analysis and sharing requirements
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• avoid overloading analysis model with exchange requirements
• avoid overloading exchange with analysis requirements
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• initially in UML, but a semantic representation can be developed
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• each exchange has a formal specification
• ensure messages are compatible with the analysis model
• allow protocol and serialization to be dictated by information exchange needs
• initially specify only a few well known and well defined messages
• plan for many messages, but add messages over time as real needs are understood
Thanks,
Jon
============================================
Jonathan O. Baker
J83D - Cyber Security Partnerships, Sharing, and Automation
The MITRE Corporation
Email: bakerj@mitre.org
From: cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org [mailto:cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org] On Behalf Of Jason Keirstead
Sent: Thursday, November 26, 2015 8:47 AM
To: cti-stix@lists.oasis-open.org
Subject: [cti-stix] STIX: Messaging Standard vs. Document Standard
When I originally started this message, I had started it with a "here is why I am against JSON-LD" stance, but then decided to take a step FAR BACK and try to figure out / tease apart the fundamental reasons why people
are both for and against JSON-LD. As a result of my analysis, I think am starting to figure out why there are two diametrically opposed camps here.
The root I believe is that there is a fundamental disconnect between an ideal messaging standard and a document standard, yet STIX is trying to serve both masters. I am not sure that it can, and keep everyone happy. At any rate, I hope if everyone can read
through the below, it will at least help each camp start to see the other's point of view.
Things desired in a document standard:
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- Clarity of the source and meaning of the data
- Readability by humans can sometimes be a factor depending on use cases
- Byte-efficiency is a secondary or tertiary concern (disk is cheap)
In a document standard, it is now the standard practice that the schema accompanies the document. This is the core tenant of JSON-LD and other related semantic technologies - that your data is annotated in a way such that it can be linked back to the schema that defined it, which then also allows you to infer the semantic meaning behind fields in the document. This lets people and systems cross-correlate and search documents of different types that contain fields that are related semantically, without having to have standard-specific code written for them.
- Maximum byte efficiency (bandwidth is not cheap)
- Absolutely zero ambiguity
- Readability by humans is a secondary (or tertiary) concern, sometimes not a concern at all
-
In a messaging standard, the schema has no reason to accompany the message, because anyone who implements it would have zero
ambiguity anyway, and doing so greatly inflates the size of the messages. You also don't have to infer meaning of a field in a messaging standard, because the meaning is fixed and is not open to any interpretation. As such, semantic technologies are not required
in a messaging standard, because they aren't even applicable to the use case.
Maybe we should take a step back and look at this more critically. If you look at what people care about from a "frequently messaged" perspective (namely of indicators and observable occurrences) maybe that should be moved under TAXII? Currently, TAXII is just a transit protocol and the standard of the messages is simply " a STIX document". I am starting to think that this is not enough and it's part of why we can't reach any consensus. There is no reason that there could not be a messaging format in TAXII to communicate indicators and observables that was an offshoot of STIX but not STIX itself... meanwhile there could continue to be a channel for full/complete "STIX documents" which are transmitted with much less frequency.
-
Jason Keirstead
Product Architect, Security Intelligence, IBM Security Systems
www.ibm.com/security | www.securityintelligence.com
Without data, all you are is just another person with an opinion - Unknown